What the research-use-only (RUO) label means as a reagent category, which documents an RUO peptide supplier publishes, how buyer attestations work, and why RUO suppliers do not give use instructions.
How freeze-drying turns a peptide solution into a dry cake, what cake appearance and residual moisture tell a researcher, and what to check when a sealed vial arrives.
What bacterial endotoxin is, why it interferes with cell-culture and assay work, how LAL and recombinant factor C tests measure it, and how a result appears on a peptide COA.
How reversed-phase HPLC measures peptide purity, how the area-percent figure on a certificate of analysis is calculated, what it cannot show, and how it differs from LC-MS.
How research peptides are made by solid-phase peptide synthesis, from resin and protecting groups to cleavage, preparative HPLC, freeze-drying, counter-ions and the impurities a certificate of analysis is built to catch.
A chemistry-only primer on peptides: amino acids, the peptide bond, length conventions, peptide vs protein, how sequences are written, common modifications and how identity is confirmed.
What the stability literature says about storing sealed lyophilised peptides: degradation pathways, moisture, temperature, light, transit and how breakdown shows up on HPLC and mass spectrometry.
A 12-point checklist of verifiable criteria for evaluating a research peptide supplier, with the reasoning and literature behind each point.
A field-by-field walkthrough of peptide certificates of analysis, worked through on two published third-party lab reports.
Thymosin beta-4 is a 43-residue protein; “TB-500” usually names a 7-residue acetylated fragment of it, but the market uses the name loosely. This post sets out each molecule’s identity, where the name came from, and how mass spectrometry tells them apart.
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